CardWerk Logical Access Control is a smart card-based system that provides logical access control to computers, networks, and enterprise resources. The system uses ISO7816 compliant smart cards in various form factors including credit card-sized cards, key fobs, and hardware tokens. The solution adds two-factor authentication to existing enterprise authentication mechanisms by combining something you know (PIN) with something you have (smart card). It supports password-based authentication, dynamic passwords, VPNs, host authentication, web authorization, and PKI-enabled applications. Smart cards can store certificates and private keys, enabling Windows log-on, e-mail encryption, and digital signatures. The system consists of three main components: FIPS 140-1 Level 2 certified smart cards with on-card key pair generation and cryptographic co-processor, middleware that provides digital identity management tools including password management and PIN unblocking, and PC/SC compliant smart card readers available in USB, serial, ExpressCard, and PCMCIA versions. Some readers include integrated secure keypads for PIN entry or fingerprint scanners for three-factor authentication. The middleware integrates with existing authentication infrastructure through cryptographic service providers (CSP), minidrivers, and PKCS#11 libraries. The product also includes PACSprobe, a software utility that analyzes cards and readers, detects card types (prox, iCLASS, Mifare), and reads data such as user ID, card number, and facility code for both logical and physical access control cards.